The effect of levosimendan on the right ventricular function in patients with right ventricular dysfunction undergoing mitral valve surgery

Background: Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is an important predictor of both immediate and long-term outcomes in valve surgeries. Levosimendan has proven beneficial in improving RV function. Aims: The objective was to study the effect of the addition of levosimendan to the conventional treatment on RV function in patients with RV dysfunction undergoing mitral valve (MV) surgeries. Setting and Design: Prospective randomized double-blinded controlled study at a tertiary care institution. Materials and Methods: Sixty adult patients aged 15� years, with preoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) findings of RV dysfunction posted for elective MV surgery, were randomized into levosimendan (L) group and placebo (P) group. Patients in the L group were administered levosimendan at a rate of 0.1 mcg/kg/min after induction for 24 hrs, whereas patients in the P group were given multivitamin infusion at the same rate. Both the groups received standard inotropic therapy. The hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters of RV function (RV size, Inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter, RV fractional area change (RVFAC) Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and Systolic Pulmonary Artery Pressure (SPAP) were compared between the groups at 6 hrs, 24 hrs, and 7th day postoperatively. Results: All hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters of RV function like RV size, IVC diameter, RVFAC, TAPSE, and SPAP improved from baseline to 24 hrs in both groups. Levosimendan caused a significant improvement in RV function compared to the P group at 24 hrs and 7th day postoperatively. Conclusions: The present study concludes that levosimendan is a promising option in patients with RV dysfunction undergoing MV surgeries.

Evaluation of right ventricular function using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography and analysis of the risk factors for right ventricular dysfunction in patients with silicosis / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To evaluate the right ventricular function using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2-D STE) and analyze the associated risk factors of right ventricular dysfunction in patients with silicosis. Methods: All 104 patients with silicosis treated in the Department of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University from May 2021 to September 2022 were enrolled in this study in October 2022. The clinical information of patients such as general data, arterial blood gas analysis and pulmonary function test were collected. The right ventricular function of patients was evaluated by 2-D STE-derived right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) and conventional echocardiographic-derived parameters, including right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and doppler tissue imaging-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (S'), respectively. Based on their RVFWLS, the patients were divided into right ventricular dysfunction group and normal right ventricular function group. Risk factors for right ventricular dysfunction in patients with silicosis were analyzed using binary logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 104 silicosis patients were enrolled, with aneverage age (65.52±11.18) years old, among whom including 57 cases diagnosed with stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ silicosis and 47 cases diagnosed with stage Ⅲ silicosis. 26 (25.00%) patients concurrent right ventricular dysfunction. The abnormal rates of RVFAC, TAPSE and S' in patients were 16.35% (17 cases), 21.15% (22 cases) and 6.73% (7 cases), respectively. The RVFAC and TAPSE in right ventricular dysfunction group were lower than those in normal right ventricular function group, and the incidence of pulmonary arterial systolic pressure ≥36 mmHg was higher than that in normal right ventricular function group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that arterial partial pressure of oxygen (OR=0.932, 95%CI: 0.885-0.981, P=0.007) was the protective factor, and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) /forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio<70% (OR=5.484, 95%CI: 1.049-28.662, P=0.044) and stage Ⅲ silicosis (OR=6.343, 95%CI: 1.698-23.697, P=0.007) were the risk factors for silicosis patients concurrent right ventricular dysfunction. Conclusion: The incidence of right ventricular dysfunction is higher in patients with stage Ⅲ silicosis than that in patients with stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ silicosis. Using 2-D STE can help the early detection of silicosis with right ventricular dysfunction. Hypoxemia, airflow limitation and the stage Ⅲ silicosis are the risk factors for silicosis patients concurrent right ventricular dysfunction.

Association between CHA2DS2-VASc Score and Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Patients with Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Background: Acute right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) is a leading cause of death in the setting of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Therefore, several studies investigated the predisposing factors of RVD. However, at present, little is known about the clinical predictors of RVD in the patients presented with acute PE. Objective: To assess the association of CHA2DS2-VASc Score with the PE severity, RVD and the in-hospital mortality in patients presented with acute PE. Methods: This study was conducted on 50 patients admitted with acute PE at Tanta University Hospitals. We studied the association of different variables including demographic data, common risk factors, clinical presentation, management and the in-hospital mortality with the PE clinical subgroups (massive, sub-massive and non-massive) based on the severity of clinical presentation and also the association of these variables with the thromboembolic risk (high, moderate and low) based on the CHA2DS2-VASc scores. The independent predictors of the RVD were then investigated by the univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Results: The massive PE presentation was associated with higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores (P value = 0.02). Also, the incidence of RVD was higher among the high risk group of patients (CHA2DS2-VASc scores ?3) with P value = 0.009. TAPSE, MPI, FAC, and E`/A` ratio were found to be more significant in the high risk group (P value = 0.032, 0.002, 0.007 and 0.001), respectively. The independent predictors of RVD were demonstrated to be tachycardia, lower systolic blood pressure and CHA2DS2-VASc score (P value = 0.022, 0.007, 0.021), respectively. The CHA2DS2-VASc score predicted the presence of RVD with 66.7 % sensitivity and 78.6% specificity as demonstrated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.776 (CI 0.636-0.882, P value < 0.001). This study demonstrated no statistically significant difference between the different risk groups regarding the in-hospital mortality. Conclusion: Being independent of other factors, the CHA2DS2-VASc score can be used as a new, simple, and reliable tool to predict the development of RVD in patients with acute PE.

Disfunción ventricular derecha en paciente adulto con comunicación interventricular posinfarto / Right ventricular dysfunction in adult patient with post-infarction ventricular septal defect

RESUMEN Introducción: La disfunción ventricular derecha es la alteración aguda o crónica de la morfología y función de dicha estructura, de origen multifactorial. En los últimos años existe consenso acerca de su función como determinante del estado funcional y factor pronóstico en diversas enfermedades. Objetivo: Destacar la importancia del manejo multidisciplinario y algunas de las opciones terapéuticas que se les pueden brindar a estos pacientes. Presentación del caso: Paciente de 58 años de edad, con antecedentes de salud aparente, que acudió al Servicio de emergencias, donde se le diagnosticó un infarto agudo de miocardio de topografía inferior. Se trasladó a la unidad de cuidados intensivos quirúrgicos del Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular debido a una complicación mecánica por comunicación interventricular. Se recibió con elementos clínicos de insuficiencia cardíaca aguda clase funcional IV. Progresivamente presentó deterioro del estado hemodinámico por lo que requirió el uso de apoyo vasoactivo con norepinefrina; hipoxia, hipercapnia, presiones venosas centrales entre 15 y 18 cmH2O y elementos clínicos de disfunción de ventrículo derecho; se decidió instrumentar vía aérea, administrar sedación y relajación por asincronías a paciente ventilado. Sin otra opción que el tratamiento quirúrgico se llevó a discusión donde se decidió esperar a la mejoría del estado hemodinámico con tratamiento médico. Conclusiones: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares no dejan de aparecer en escenarios cada vez más complejos con elevada morbimortalidad. Se evidencia la importancia del consenso clínico-quirúrgico en el momento de la toma de decisiones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Right ventricular dysfunction is the acute or chronic alteration of the morphology and function of this structure, of multifactorial origin. In recent years there is consensus about its role as a determinant of functional status and prognostic factor in various diseases. Objective: Highlight the importance of multidisciplinary management and some of the therapeutic options that can be provided to these patients. Case Presentation: A 58-year-old patient with an apparent health history went to the Emergency Service, where he was diagnosed with an acute myocardial infarction of lower topography. He was transferred to the surgical intensive care unit of the Cardiovascular Surgery Service due to a mechanical complication from ventricular septal defect. He was received presenting clinical elements of acute heart failure functional class IV. He progressively presented deterioration of the hemodynamic state, so it required the use of vasoactive support with norepinephrine; hypoxia, hypercapnia, central venous pressures between 15 and 18 cmH2O and clinical elements of right ventricular dysfunction; it was decided to implement airway, administer sedation and relaxation by asynchrony to ventilated patient. With no other option than surgical treatment, it was brought to discussion and it was decided to wait for the improvement of the hemodynamic state with medical treatment. Conclusions: Cardiovascular diseases do not cease to appear in increasingly complex scenarios with high morbidity and mortality. The importance of clinical-surgical consensus at the time of decision-making is evident.

Risk factors and prognosis in critical patients with sepsis-related cardiomyopathy / 中华内科杂志

Objective:To explore the risk factors and prognosis of sepsis-related cardiomyopathy.Methods:Patients with sepsis and septic shock admitted to the Critical Care Medicine Department at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from October 2017 to February 2021 were enrolled. Echocardiographic parameters including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and cardiac index (CI) were obtained within 24 h after admission. Hemodynamic parameters including heart rate, mean arterial pressure and central venous pressure were also collected. The risk factors of 45-day mortality were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to compare 45-day mortality among patients with normal left ventricle (LV) systolic function group, sepsis-related takotsubo cardiomyopathy (ST) and septic cardiomyopathy (SC) group as well as between patients with normal right ventricular (RV) function and patients with RV dysfunction.Results:According to LV systolic function, patients were categorized into three groups: normal group [174 (66.9%)], SC group [66 (25.4%)] and ST group [66 (25.4%)]. In comparison with those in normal group, patients in SC group and ST group had higher acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score ( P<0.05). No difference was found between SC group and ST group regarding APACHE Ⅱ score and SOFA score( P>0.05). ST group had lower LVEF [33(28, 41)% vs. 45(38, 48)%, P<0.05], CI [2.29 (1.99, 2.53)L·min -1·m -2 vs. 3.04(2.61, 3.61) L·min -1·m -2, P<0.05] higher TAPSE [18.6(16.0, 21.2)mm vs. 15.1(12.5, 19.0)mm, P<0.05] than SC group. A Cox regression survival analysis showed that right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) was an independent predictor of 45-day mortality ( HR=1.992, 95% CI 1.088-3.647, P=0.025). A Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no significant difference regarding 45-day mortality among ST group [25.0%(5/20)], SC group [30.3%(20/66)] and normal group 18.4%(32/174)( P=0.158). RVD patients [38.0%(30/79)] had significantly higher 45-day mortality than patients with normal RV function [14.9%(27/181), P<0.001]. Conclusions:In comparison with SC patients, ST patients tend to have worse LV systolic function, lower cardiac output and better RV function. However, neither ST nor SC is associated with 45-day mortality. RVD is a risk predictor of 45-day mortality, which should be monitored in septic patients.

Role of inflammation and apoptosis in right ventricular dysfunction induced by injurious mechanical ventilation in rats / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To investigate whether myocardial inflammation and apoptosis are involved in right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) induced by injurious mechanical ventilation with high tidal volume (VT) in rats.Methods:Total 30 adult male SD rats were randomly divided into the control group (CON group), the low VT ventilation group (LVT group) and the injurious mechanical ventilation group (HVT group), with 10 rats in each group. The CON group was maintained spontaneous breathing, the LVT group and HVT group were ventilated with different VT 6 mL/kg and 20 mL/kg for 4 hours, respectively. The right jugular vein and the left carotid artery were catheterized and connected with the PowerLab biological signal acquisition and analysis system to record heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), the maximum rate of rising of right ventricular pressure (+dp/dt max). Echocardiography was performed to measure left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), right ventricular end-diastolic diameter (RVEDd), tricuspid annulus plane systolic migration (TAPSE) and myocardial performance index (MPI). The rats were sacrified by cervical dislocation. Specimens of right ventricle tissues were taken for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and morphological changes of right ventricle tissues were observed under light microscope. Real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), caspase-3, apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2.Results:HR, MAP, +dp/dt max gradually decreased, while RVSP gradually increased in different group with the increase of VT ventilation. There was no significant difference between the CON group and LVT group. However, there was a statistically significant difference with respect to these index in HVT group as compared to CON group and LVT group [HR (bpm): 397.6±5.7 vs. 433.0±4.8, 441.6±7.8; MAP (mmHg, 1 mmHg≈0.133 kPa): 102.0±2.4 vs. 108.5±2.2, 110.6±2.1; +dp/dt max (mmHg/s): 2 357.65±62.80 vs. 2 661.27±55.62, 2 679.43±75.13; RVSP (mmHg): 28.8±1.0 vs. 22.6±10.8, 21.9±0.4; all P < 0.05]. Echocardiography findings showed that RVEDd/LVEDd and MPI gradually increased, TAPSE gradually decreased in different group with the increase of VT ventilation. There was no significant difference between the LVT group and CON group. However, there was a statistically significant difference with respect to these indexes in HVT group as compared to the CON group and LVT group [RVEDd/LVEDd: 0.36±0.02 vs. 0.26±0.01, 0.23±0.02; MPI: 1.23±0.03 vs. 0.84±0.04, 0.86±0.03; TAPSE (mm): 1.65±0.03 vs. 1.88±0.02, 1.91±0.04; all P < 0.05]. Histopathological observation of the right ventricle tissue showed that myocardial cells of the rats in the CON group were orderly arranged and uniformed in size. In the LVT group, there was a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration in the myocardial interstitium, while in the HVT group, the myocardial cell arrangement was obviously disordered, the structure was obviously damaged, and more inflammatory cell infiltration was found. RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis showed that the mRNA and protein expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, caspase-3 and Bax in HVT group were significantly higher than those in the LVT group and CON group [mRNA expression (2 -ΔΔCt): IL-6 were 1.97±0.07 vs. 1.09±0.02, 1.02±0.03, TNF-α were 1.69±0.10 vs. 1.10±0.03, 1.05±0.04, caspase-3 were 1.82±0.09 vs. 1.08±0.02, 1.06±0.03, Bax were 2.19±0.14 vs. 1.07±0.03, 1.04±0.03; protein expression (gray value): IL-6 were 0.64±0.02 vs. 0.38±0.03, 0.31±0.04, TNF-α were 0.50±0.04 vs. 0.16±0.01, 0.15±0.01, caspase-3 were 0.58±0.02 vs. 0.29±0.01, 0.25±0.02, Bax were 0.50±0.03 vs. 0.21±0.01, 0.26±0.02; all P < 0.05], and the mRNA and protein expressions of Bcl-2 in the HVT group were lower than those in the LVT group and CON group [mRNA expression (2 -ΔΔCt): 1.23±0.05 vs. 1.43±0.05, 1.50±0.08; protein expression (gray value): 0.42±0.02 vs. 0.62±0.03, 0.65±0.03, all P < 0.05]. Conclusion:Myocardial inflammation and apoptosis may be involved in RVD induced by injurious mechanical ventilation.

Caracterización de la fisiología restrictiva del ventrículo derecho mediante flujo 4D / 4-D flow characterization of right ventricular restrictive physiology

Abstract: Right ventricular restrictive physiology (RVRP) occurs in diverse clinical scenarios, most frequently after repair of Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can comprehensively evaluate RVRP using 4D flow along with anatomical and fibrosis characterization. Also, RVRP is associated with less pulmonary regurgitation and fewer right ventricle enlargement; its long term protective role is debated. RVRP is a challenging and relevant diagnosis, which hallmark is the presence of antegrade pulmonary arterial Flow in late diastole throughout the respiratory cycle. Also, other hemodynamic findings could aid such us flow in; caval veins, suprahepatic, coronary sinus and tricuspid valve. Obtaining all these flow curves is virtually impossible by echocardiography. CMR with 4DF is a unique and powerful technique enabling this comprehensive hemodynamic evaluation as depicted in this case.

Assessment of Right Ventricular Function by Tissue Doppler Imaging in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertensive Rat / 이화의대지

OBJECTIVES: Elevated pulmonary pressure and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction are the hallmarks of pulmonary vascular disease in animal models and human patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Monocrotaline models of PAH are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the severity of PAH rat model by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). METHODS: PAH was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by monocrotaline (M) group. The peak systolic (s'), early diastolic (e'), and late diastolic myocardial velocities (a') were measured using TDI at basal segments. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) was measured in the 4-chamber view. Velocity of a tricuspid regurgitation (TR) jet was measured to estimate the pulmonary artery pressure to assess the severity of PAH. RESULTS: Decrease in the RV shortening fraction and ejection fraction were observed in the M group compared with the control (C) group. RV e' velocity and s' velocity were significantly lower in the M group compared with the C group. The TAPSE was significantly lower in the M group compared with the C group (1.26±0.22 mm vs. 2.83±0.34 mm). The TR velocity was significantly higher in the M group compared with the C group (4.48±0.34 m/sec vs. 1.23±0.02 m/sec). CONCLUSION: TAPSE is an easily obtainable, widely recognized and clinically useful echocardiographic parameter of global RV function in the PAH rat model. We recommend that TDI would be a helpful diagnostic tool to evaluate the RV function in PAH rat model.

Protective effect of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate on rats with acute respiratory distress syndrome related right ventricular dysfunction by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective@#To investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in rats with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) related right ventricular dysfunction and the protective effect of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) on right ventricle.@*Methods@#Sixty male Spragne-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group (CON group), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model group, 4-PBA prevention group and 4-PBA treatment group, with 15 rats in each group. ARDS rat model was established by intratracheal instillation of LPS 10 mg/kg after tracheotomy; CON group was given the same amount of saline. 4-PBA prevention group and 4-PBA treatment group were given 4-PBA 500 mg/kg intragastric administration 2 hours before and after LPS respectively. Echocardiography was performed 12 hours after treatment to evaluate the right ventricular function. Then, the rats were sacrificed by bloodletting, and the serum and right ventricular tissue were harvested. The histopathological changes of myocardial were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) in serum and myocardial were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western Blot was used to detect the expression of the marker proteins of ERS in myocardial, including glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP cyclic adenosine phosphate reaction primitive binding transcription factor homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12 and caspase-3.@*Results@#Compared with the CON group, the echocardiography showed pulmonary artery maximum pressure gradient (PAmaxPG), pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in LPS model group were significantly decreased, and right ventricular end-diastolic excursion (RVDd) was significantly increased, and the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum and myocardial, as well as the expressions of GRP78, CHOP, caspase-12 and caspase-3 in myocardial were significantly increased. Compared with LPS model group, TAPSE of 4-PBA preventive and treatment groups were significantly increased (mm: 3.08±0.65, 2.96±0.61 vs. 2.48±0.45), RVDd were significantly decreased (mm: 3.67±0.58, 3.60±0.61 vs. 4.18±0.71), the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum and myocardial were significantly decreased [TNF-α (ng/L): 187.98±18.98, 176.08±17.98 vs. 332.00±19.90 in serum, 135.06±19.00, 132.78±17.00 vs. 155.00±20.00 in myocardial; IL-1β(ng/L): 12.07±2.98, 11.05±2.41 vs. 24.06±4.01 in serum, 19.89±2.80, 21.06±2.80 vs. 26.00±2.60 in myocardial; IL-6 (ng/L): 42.98±7.90, 34.05±6.09 vs. 89.80±10.07 in serum, 129.45±25.00, 127.08±26.06 vs. 145.77±23.00 in myocardial]; the expressions of GRP78, CHOP, caspase-12 and caspase-3 in myocardial were significantly decreased (GRP78/GAPDH: 0.090±0.070, 0.103±0.060 vs. 0.167±0.090, CHOP/GAPDH: 0.109±0.090, 0.090±0.080 vs. 0.186±0.090, caspase-12/GAPDH: 0.769±0.230, 0.799±0.210 vs. 1.040±0.350, caspase-3/GAPDH: 0.391±0.060, 0.401±0.054 vs. 0.603±0.340), with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in each indexes between 4-PBA prevention group and 4-PBA treatment group (all P > 0.05).@*Conclusions@#ERS is involved in ARDS-related right ventricular dysfunction. 4-PBA can protect the right ventricular function of ARDS rats by inhibiting ERS and alleviating inflammation, and the preventive and therapeutic effects of 4-PBA are similar.

Protective effect of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate on rats with acute respiratory distress syndrome related right ventricular dysfunction by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in rats with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) related right ventricular dysfunction and the protective effect of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) on right ventricle. Methods Sixty male Spragne-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group (CON group), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model group, 4-PBA prevention group and 4-PBA treatment group, with 15 rats in each group. ARDS rat model was established by intratracheal instillation of LPS 10 mg/kg after tracheotomy; CON group was given the same amount of saline. 4-PBA prevention group and 4-PBA treatment group were given 4-PBA 500 mg/kg intragastric administration 2 hours before and after LPS respectively. Echocardiography was performed 12 hours after treatment to evaluate the right ventricular function. Then, the rats were sacrificed by bloodletting, and the serum and right ventricular tissue were harvested. The histopathological changes of myocardial were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) in serum and myocardial were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western Blot was used to detect the expression of the marker proteins of ERS in myocardial, including glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP cyclic adenosine phosphate reaction primitive binding transcription factor homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12 and caspase-3. Results Compared with the CON group, the echocardiography showed pulmonary artery maximum pressure gradient (PAmaxPG), pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in LPS model group were significantly decreased, and right ventricular end-diastolic excursion (RVDd) was significantly increased, and the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum and myocardial, as well as the expressions of GRP78, CHOP, caspase-12 and caspase-3 in myocardial were significantly increased. Compared with LPS model group, TAPSE of 4-PBA preventive and treatment groups were significantly increased (mm: 3.08±0.65, 2.96±0.61 vs. 2.48±0.45), RVDd were significantly decreased (mm: 3.67±0.58, 3.60±0.61 vs. 4.18±0.71), the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum and myocardial were significantly decreased [TNF-α (ng/L): 187.98±18.98, 176.08±17.98 vs. 332.00±19.90 in serum, 135.06±19.00, 132.78±17.00 vs. 155.00±20.00 in myocardial; IL-1β(ng/L): 12.07±2.98, 11.05±2.41 vs. 24.06±4.01 in serum, 19.89±2.80, 21.06±2.80 vs. 26.00±2.60 in myocardial; IL-6 (ng/L): 42.98±7.90, 34.05±6.09 vs. 89.80±10.07 in serum, 129.45±25.00, 127.08±26.06 vs. 145.77±23.00 in myocardial]; the expressions of GRP78, CHOP, caspase-12 and caspase-3 in myocardial were significantly decreased (GRP78/GAPDH: 0.090±0.070, 0.103±0.060 vs. 0.167±0.090, CHOP/GAPDH: 0.109±0.090, 0.090±0.080 vs. 0.186±0.090, caspase-12/GAPDH: 0.769±0.230, 0.799±0.210 vs. 1.040±0.350, caspase-3/GAPDH: 0.391±0.060, 0.401±0.054 vs. 0.603±0.340), with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in each indexes between 4-PBA prevention group and 4-PBA treatment group (all P > 0.05). Conclusions ERS is involved in ARDS-related right ventricular dysfunction. 4-PBA can protect the right ventricular function of ARDS rats by inhibiting ERS and alleviating inflammation, and the preventive and therapeutic effects of 4-PBA are similar.

Protective effect of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate on rats with acute respiratory distress syndrome related right ventricular dysfunction by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in rats with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) related right ventricular dysfunction and the protective effect of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) on right ventricle. Methods Sixty male Spragne-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group (CON group), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model group, 4-PBA prevention group and 4-PBA treatment group, with 15 rats in each group. ARDS rat model was established by intratracheal instillation of LPS 10 mg/kg after tracheotomy; CON group was given the same amount of saline. 4-PBA prevention group and 4-PBA treatment group were given 4-PBA 500 mg/kg intragastric administration 2 hours before and after LPS respectively. Echocardiography was performed 12 hours after treatment to evaluate the right ventricular function. Then, the rats were sacrificed by bloodletting, and the serum and right ventricular tissue were harvested. The histopathological changes of myocardial were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) in serum and myocardial were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western Blot was used to detect the expression of the marker proteins of ERS in myocardial, including glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP cyclic adenosine phosphate reaction primitive binding transcription factor homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12 and caspase-3. Results Compared with the CON group, the echocardiography showed pulmonary artery maximum pressure gradient (PAmaxPG), pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in LPS model group were significantly decreased, and right ventricular end-diastolic excursion (RVDd) was significantly increased, and the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum and myocardial, as well as the expressions of GRP78, CHOP, caspase-12 and caspase-3 in myocardial were significantly increased. Compared with LPS model group, TAPSE of 4-PBA preventive and treatment groups were significantly increased (mm: 3.08±0.65, 2.96±0.61 vs. 2.48±0.45), RVDd were significantly decreased (mm: 3.67±0.58, 3.60±0.61 vs. 4.18±0.71), the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum and myocardial were significantly decreased [TNF-α (ng/L): 187.98±18.98, 176.08±17.98 vs. 332.00±19.90 in serum, 135.06±19.00, 132.78±17.00 vs. 155.00±20.00 in myocardial; IL-1β(ng/L): 12.07±2.98, 11.05±2.41 vs. 24.06±4.01 in serum, 19.89±2.80, 21.06±2.80 vs. 26.00±2.60 in myocardial; IL-6 (ng/L): 42.98±7.90, 34.05±6.09 vs. 89.80±10.07 in serum, 129.45±25.00, 127.08±26.06 vs. 145.77±23.00 in myocardial]; the expressions of GRP78, CHOP, caspase-12 and caspase-3 in myocardial were significantly decreased (GRP78/GAPDH: 0.090±0.070, 0.103±0.060 vs. 0.167±0.090, CHOP/GAPDH: 0.109±0.090, 0.090±0.080 vs. 0.186±0.090, caspase-12/GAPDH: 0.769±0.230, 0.799±0.210 vs. 1.040±0.350, caspase-3/GAPDH: 0.391±0.060, 0.401±0.054 vs. 0.603±0.340), with statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in each indexes between 4-PBA prevention group and 4-PBA treatment group (all P > 0.05). Conclusions ERS is involved in ARDS-related right ventricular dysfunction. 4-PBA can protect the right ventricular function of ARDS rats by inhibiting ERS and alleviating inflammation, and the preventive and therapeutic effects of 4-PBA are similar.

Are objective measures of tricuspid annular motion and velocity used as frequently as recommended by current guidelines? A pilot study

In this retrospective study 420 echocardiograms from a single center were reviewed showing that TAPSE was acquired in 66% while TA TDI s’ signals were recorded in 98% of all echocardiograms. Based on these results greater efforts are required to standardize acquisition and reporting of objective measurements of RV function.

Study To Evaluate Association Of Right Ventricular Dysfunction With Portal Hypertension.

Background: Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is the most common cause of right heart failure and right ventricular dysfunction(RVD). Portopulmoanry hypertension (POPH) is a form of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with portal hypertension with or without underlying chronic liver disease leading to right venricular dysfunction. The aim of this study is to evaluate prevalence of right ventricular dysfunction and its association with pulmonary artery hypertension, body mass index(BMI), systemic hypertension and smoking. Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional observation study, it was conducted on 84 patients with portal hypertension. Trans-thoracic echocardiography was done for calculation of PASP (pulmonary artery systolic pressure) and TAPSE(tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion), TDI( tissue doppler imaging) S’ for RVD. Observation: Prevalence of RVD was was 14.28%%, in male it was 15.6% and female it was 20.0%. Sex was insignificant in RVD with p value of 0.74. Mean age of POPH patients were 53.33+ 8.3 year, age was insignificant with p-value 0.86. BMI,hypertension and PAH was found significant in RVD patients with p- value of 0.01, 0.008 and 0.0001 respectively. Smoking was insignificant (P-0.971). Conclusion:There is association of right ventricular dysfunction with pulmonary hypertension in portal hypertensive patients.

Assessment after radical correction of Fallot’s tetralogy / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Background @#The frequency of tetralogy of Fallot among newborns and infants is 5.6-14.0% of all congenital heart defects [5, 14, 17] The most frequent complication of the early postoperative period is right ventricular failure, which is formed when the anatomy of the right ventricle and the progressive pulmonary regurgitation are disturbed [1, 3, 12]. With the development of new minimally invasive methods of examination and their introduction into clinical practice, the understanding of hemodynamic parameters after surgical correction, pathophysiological mechanisms of development of right ventricular dysfunction has improved. </br> One of these methods is transpulmonary thermodilution and pulse waveform analysis, which allows in the early hours after operation to determine preload, heart function and postload parameters [9, 20]. </br> In the long-term period, many patients after radical correction have right ventricular dysfunction due to many years of massive pulmonary regurgitation. With the introduction of MRI improved understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of development of right ventricular dysfunction.. Recent reports indicate that the global functional assessment of the right ventricle after surgical correction does not reflect its present function [7, 10].@*Aim@#The aim of the study was to estimate the early postoperative indices of hemodynamics in different types of the right ventricular output plastics after radical correction of Fallot’s tetralogy and to access the functional state of the right ventricle in the long- term postoperative period.@*Materials and Methods@#On the basis of cardiovascular surgery department of the Shastin P.N. hospital, a prospective cohort study of 52 patients (28 boys, 24 girls), underwent radical correction of Fallot’s tetralogy, was conducted. </br> Patients were divided into 2 groups by the type of reconstruction of the right ventricular outlow tructs: group I included patients with transannular plasty of the output part (group I, 26 patients), group II-patients with preserved fibrous ring of the pulmonary artery (group II, 26 patients). The postoperative hemodynamic status was assessed with transpulmonary thermodilution. The right ventricular function in the long-term period was estimated by means of US and MRI.@*Results@#During the first postoperative hours, hemodynamic indices according transpulmonary thermodilution technique were significantly lower in group I and reliable differed from group II. However, later (12.24,48 hour after), restoration of hemodynamic indices in group I, which did not significantly differ from group II, was observed. In the long-term period, ejection of the right ventricle was reliable higher in group II, while terminal diastolic volume of the right ventricle was significantly higher in group I. Pulmonary regurgitation was also significantly higher in group I-36.7 (32,44) versus 13,2 (3;14) (p<0,01).@*Conclusions@#Preservation of pulmonary artery fibrous ring provides better parameters of hemodynamics in the early postoperative period including systolic and diastolic functions. In the long-term period, this group of patients is less subjected to the right ventricular function.

Effects of acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by endotoxin on the right ventricular function in rats / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To explore the effect of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by endotoxin on the right ventricular function in rats. Methods Sixty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal saline (NS) control group and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model group with 30 rats in each group. The rat model of ARDS was reproduced by intratracheal instillation of LPS 10 mg/kg after tracheotomy, and the rats in NS control group was intratracheally given the same volume of NS instead of LPS. The survival of rats in each group was observed. Right ventricular function was evaluated by echocardiography at 6 hours and 12 hours after instillation of LPS or NS respectively. Then the rats were sacrificed by bloodletting, and the right heart and lung tissue were harvested. The lung wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio was assessed. The pathological changes in cardiopulmonary tissue in rats were observed with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) strain, and the pathological score of lung injury was calculated. Results There was no animal death in NS control group. In LPS model group, there were 3 rats dead at 6 hours, and 4 dead at 12 hours. The pathological manifestations of lung injury were found at 6 hours after instillation of LPS, and the marked pathological changes of ARDS, such as atelectasis and hyaline membranes were observed at 12 hours. There was no obvious abnormality in the lung tissue of the NS control group. Compared with the NS control group, the 12-hour lung W/D ratio and the lung injury pathological score in the LPS model group were significantly increased (lung W/D ratio:7.69±1.02 vs. 4.14±0.48, lung injury pathological score: 8.26±2.12 vs. 1.32±0.94, both P < 0.01). Echocardiography showed that the right heart function of rats was significantly abnormal with the prolongation of LPS induction time, which showed that pulmonary arterial diameter (PAD) and right ventricular diastolic diameter (RVDd) were increased, maximum blood flow velocity of pulmonary artery (PAVmax), maximum pulmonary artery pressure gradient (PAmaxPG),pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were decreased, with significant differences at 12 hours as compared with those of NS normal group [PAD (mm): 2.84±0.31 vs. 2.11±0.37, RVDd (mm): 4.18±0.71 vs. 3.17±0.40, PAVmax (mm/s): 704.00±145.13 vs. 809.59±120.48, PAmaxPG (mmHg, 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 2.07±0.88 vs. 2.73±0.76, PAAT (ms): 23.80±4.87 vs. 30.01±3.02, TAPSE (mm): 2.48±0.45 vs. 3.56±0.40, all P < 0.01]. Pathological examination showed that the cardiac tissue in the LPS model group showed disorder of myocardial cells and scattered inflammatory cells at 6 hours, and cardiomyocyte degeneration, structural destruction and inflammatory cells were found at 12 hours. Conclusion ARDS induced by instillation of LPS at 12 hours causes right ventricular dysfunction in rats.

Disfunción grave de ventrículo derecho por ecocardiografía en hipertensión arterial pulmonar:: prevalencia, predictores clínicos, ecocardiográficos y tratamiento / Severe right ventricular dysfunction by echocardiography in pulmonary arterial hypertension:: prevalence, clinical predictors, echocardiograph and treatment / Disfunção grave do ventrículo direito por ecocardiografia na hipertensão arterial pulmonar:: prevalência, preditores clínicos, ecocardiográficos e tratamento

Introducción. La disfunción del ventrículo derecho (VD) es un marcador de alto riesgo en pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP). Objetivo. Evaluar la prevalencia, predictores independientes clínicos y ecocardiográficos, y el tratamiento de la disfunción grave del VD (DGVD) por ecocardiografía en la hipertensión arterial pulmonar. Material y método. Entre Enero de 2010 y Diciembre de 2011, se incluyeron prospectivamente 422 pacientes (31 centros de 13 provincias argentinas). De ellos, 124 (29,4%) con HAP fueron incluidos en este análisis. La DGVD se definió por la presencia de deterioro moderado a severo de la función del VD o un TAPSE <15 mm. Resultados. La edad media fue de 45 ± 17 años y el 78% fueron mujeres. La DGVD se identificó en 37 casos (29,8%). Los predictores clínicos independientes fueron fatiga (HR=5,2; IC95%=1,9-14,1; p=0,001), frecuencia cardíaca (HR=1,045; IC95%=1,003-1,088; p=0,033) y cardiomegalia (HR=2,9; IC95%=1,2-7,5; p=0,024). El ecocardiograma en DGVD mostró mayor dilatación de aurícula derecha (84 vs 61%; p=0,013) y presión sistólica pulmonar (89 ± 28 vs 77 ± 27 mm Hg; p=0,045), con menor fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (59 ± 12 vs 67 ± 10%; p=0,002). El tratamiento fue diferente en la DGVD con diuréticos (87 vs 63%; p=0,010) y digoxina (38 vs 20%; p=0,031), con similar uso de sildenafil (87 vs 74%), iloprost (11 vs 10%), bosentán (19 vs 9%), treprostinil (5 vs 5%) y ambrisentán (5 vs 5%). Conclusiones. Uno de cada tres pacientes con HAP presenta DGVD. El examen físico y la Rx de tórax permiten identificarlos clínicamente. La tasa similar de prescripción de fármacos específicos sugiere la necesidad de optimizar el tratamiento en estos casos más graves.

Introduction. Severe right ventricular dysfunction (SRVD) is a high risk marker in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, its clinical characteristics in Latin-Americans are poorly known. Objective. We sought to assess the prevalence, clinical markers and treatment of SRVD in Argentinean patients with PAH. Material and methods. Between Jan-10/Dec-11, 422 patients with diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension were prospectively included in 31 centers from 13 provinces from Argentina. Of them, 124 (29.4%) with diagnosis of PAH were included in the present analysis. SRVD was defined by moderate to severe RV dysfunction or TAPSE <15 mm. Results. Mean age was 45±17 and 78% were female. In logistic regression analysis, independent clinical predictors were fatigue (HR=5.2, 95%CI=1.9-14.1, p=0.001), heart rate (HR=1.045, 95%CI=1.003-1.088, p=0.033), and cardiomegaly (HR=2.9, 95%CI=1.2-7.5, p=0,024). Echocardiogram in SRVD showed more frequently right atrial dilation (84 vs 61%, p=0.013), and higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (89±28 vs 77±27 mmHg, p=0.045), with lower left ventricular ejection fraction (59±12 vs 67±10 %, p=0.002). Treatment in SRVD was different in the use of diuretics (87 vs 63%, p=0.010) and digoxin (38 vs 20%, p=0.031), and it was similar in the use of sildenafil (87 vs 74%); iloprost (11 vs 10%); bosentan (19 vs 9%); treprostinil (5 vs 5%), and ambrisentan (5 vs 5%). Conclusion. One out of three patients with PAH presented SRVD. Physical examination and chest x-ray permit clinical identification. These patients received similar rate of specific drugs, suggesting the need of optimization of therapy driven to PAH in these more severe cases.

Introdução. A disfunção grave do ventrículo direito (VD) é um marcador de alto risco em pacientes com hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP). Entretanto, suas características clínicas nos latino-americanos são mal conhecidas. Objetivo. Avaliar a prevalência, os marcadores clínicos e o tratamento da disfunção grave do VD em pacientes com HAP. Material e métodos. Entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2011, foram incluídos prospectivamente 422 pacientes com diagnóstico de hipertensão pulmonar em 31 centros de 13 províncias da Argentina. Destes, 124 (29,4%) com diagnóstico de HAP foram incluídos na presente análise. A disfunção grave do VD foi definida por disfunção do VD moderada a grave ou TAPSE <15 mm. Resultados. A idade média foi de 45 ± 17 e 78% eram do sexo feminino. Na análise de regressão logística, os preditores clínicos independentes foram fadiga (HR=5,2; IC 95% = 1,9-14,1; p=0,001), freqüência cardíaca (HR=1,045; IC95% = 1,003-1,088; p=0,033) e cardiomegalia (HR=2,9; IC 95% = 1,2-7,5; p=0,024). O ecocardiograma na disfunção grave do VD apresentou maior freqüência de dilatação atrial direita (84 vs 61%; p=0,013) e maior pressão arterial sistólica (89 ± 28 vs 77 ± 27 mm Hg; p=0,045), com fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda menor (59 ± 12 vs 67 ± 10%; p=0,002). O tratamento foi diferente na disfunção grave do VD com diuréticos (87 vs 63%; p=0,010) e digoxina (38 vs 20%; p=0,031), sendo semelhante no uso de sildenafilo (87 vs 74%), iloprost (11 vs 10%), bosentano (19 vs 9%), treprostinil (5 vs 5%) e ambrisentano (5 vs 5%). Conclusão. Um em cada três pacientes com HAP apresentou disfunção grave do VD. O exame físico e a radiografia de tórax permitem a identificação clínica. Esses pacientes receberam taxa similar de medicamentos específicos, sugerindo a necessidade de otimização da terapia dirigida à HAP nesses casos mais graves.

Acute cor pulmonale in acute respiratory distress syndrome / 中华危重病急救医学

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe respiratory condition that is characterized by rapidly progressive hypoxemia with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.Despite the improvement of therapeutic methods,the mortality of ARDS is in the range of 40％-50％ all over the world.Some studies have shown that a significant number of patients with ARDS had acute cor pulmonale (ACP),and ACP is independently associated with the mortality of patients with ARDS,which has attracted wide attention in recent years.This paper reviewed recent related studies,summarized the prevalence,pathogenesis and diagnostic approaches of ACP in ARDS,especially echocardiography which was considered as a cornerstone for ACP diagnosis,and elucidated the beneficial effects of right ventricular protective ventilatory strategy and prone-positioning on the pulmonary vasculature and right heart,in order to provide a novel idea for the therapy of ACP in ARDS.

Análise da função sistólica ventricular direita em chagásicos através da excursão sistólica da via de saída do ventrículo direito / Analysis of right ventricular systolic function in chagasic patients through the right ventricular outflow tractsystolic excursion

Fundamentos: A excursão sistólica da via de saída do ventrículo direito (ES_VSVD) se mostrou acurada para avaliação da função sistólica do ventrículo direito (VD). Entretanto, a cardiopatia chagásica crônica (CCC) apresenta características próprias, que geram a necessidade de comprovação da aplicabilidade da ES_VSVD nesse grupo. Objetivo: Avaliar a ES_VSVD em portadores de CCC e compará-la com parâmetros tradicionais de avaliação da função sistólica do VD. Métodos: Estudaram-se 131 pacientes com CCC. A ES_VSVD foi calculada através do modo-M na via de saída do VD (VSVD) ao corte paraesternal eixo curto ao nível da valva aórtica, medindo-se a excursão da superfície endocárdica da paredeanterior da VSVD. Foram obtidos a variação fracional da área (FAC) como método de referência e a excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide (TAPSE) para comparação. Excluídos 27 pacientes por não obtenção de imagens confiáveis. Resultados: Dos 104 pacientes, 38 apresentaram disfunção do VD definida como FAC menor que 35%. Eles foram divididos em dois grupos em que os primeiros 52 correspondiam aos da curva de aprendizado do método. Nessa série, valores menores que 5,6 mm apresentaram melhor correlação com as anormalidades. Os resultados da ES_VSVD, no grupo de aplicação do método, foram: sensibilidade = 94%, especificidade = 97%, valor preditivo positivo (VP+) = 94%, valor preditivo negativo (VP-) = 97% e acurácia = 96%. A TAPSE apresentou respectivamente 95%, 98%, 97%, 97% e 97%. Conclusão: Os resultados da ES_VSVD nos exames realizados após a curva de aprendizado mostraram sensibilidade, especificidade, VP+, VP- e acurácia semelhantes à TAPSE, demonstrando similaridade dos parâmetros nos pacientes com CCC.

Background: Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Systolic Excursion (RVOT_SE) has proven to be accurate to assess the right ventricular (RV) systolic function. However, chronic Chagas’ heart disease (CCHD) has its own characteristics, which generate the need to prove the RVOT_SE applicability to this group.Objective: To assess RVOT_SE in CCHD patients and compare it against traditional parameters for RV systolic function assessment Methods: 131 CCHD patients were studied. The RVOT_SE was calculated by using M-mode echocardiography, from parasternal short-axis view at aortic valve level, in the RV outflow tract (RVOT), measuring the excursion of the endocardial surface of the posterior wall of the RVOT. The fractional change in area (FCA), as the reference method, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) for comparison were obtained. 27 patients were excluded for failure to obtain reliable images.Results: Of the 104 patients, 38 had RV dysfunction, defined as FCA less than 35%. They were divided into two groups, where the first 52 patients corresponded to the method learning curve. In this series, values less than 5.6 mm showed better correlation with abnormalities. RVOT_SE results obtained from the method application group were: sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 97%, positive predictive value (PV+) =94%, negative predictive value (PV-) = 97% and accuracy = 96%. TAPSE showed respectively 95%, 98%, 97%, 97% and 97%. Conclusion: RVOT_SE results in the examinations performed after the learning curve showed sensitivity, specificity, PV+, PV- and accuracy similar to those of TAPSE, showing parameters similar to those of CCHD patients.

Definitions, mechanisms and prognostic factors of right ventricular dysfunction in congenital heart disease / Análisis de la interdependencia ventricular en pacientes con cardiopatía congénita con disfunción sistólica y diastólica del ventrículo derecho

The right ventricle (RV) and its dysfunction have been directly associated to negative prognosis in patients with ischemic heart disease. In congenital heart disease (CHD), right ventricle dysfunction results from volume (diastolic) and pressure (systolic) overload mechanisms, considering the many embryonic alterations they hold. Currently, there are no operational definitions to classify right ventricle dysfunction (RVD) in patients with congenital heart disease; and both prognostic or recovery factors are different to those in patients with right coronary ischemic disease. In this paper, we review causes of RVD, etiologic mechanisms and related prognostic variables.

El ventrículo derecho (VD) y su disfunción han sido directamente asociados con un pronóstico desfavorable en pacientes con cardiopatías isquémica. En las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) la disfunción ventricular derecha resulta de mecanismos de sobrecarga, ya sea de volumen (diastólica) o de presión (sistólica), considerando las múltiples alteraciones embriológicas. No hay hasta el momento, una definición operacional para clasificar la disfunción del ventrículo derecho (DVD) en pacientes con CC y tanto los factores pronósticos como de recuperación son diferentes si se comparan con cardiopatía isquémica. En este artículo, se revisan las causas de DVD así como mecanismos etiológicos probables y factores pronósticos.

Clinical Value of N-terminal Pro-brain Natriuretic Peptide and Cardial Troponin I for Evaluating the Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism Combining Right Ventricular Dysfunction / 中国循环杂志

Objective: To explore the clinical value of N-terminal Pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP) and cardial troponin I (cTnI) for evaluating the patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE) combining right ventricular dysfunction (RVD). Methods: A total 92 APE patients treated in our hospital were studied. The blood levels of NT-ProBNP and cTnI were measured on next morning of administration and echocardiography was performed within 24 hours of APE diagnosis. According to echocardiographic results, the patients were divided into 2 groups: APE with RVD group,n=47 and APE without RVD group,n=45. Blood levels of NT-ProBNP and cTnI were compared between 2 groups. Results: Compared with APE without RVD group, APE with RVD group presented increased levels of NT-ProBNP, cTnI and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter (RVEDD), allP 90%, the optimum operating point for NT-ProBNP and cTnI were 554 pg/ml and 0.09 ng/ml respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that NT-ProBNP (r=1.227,P=0.005), cTnI (r=0.862,P=0.016), right ventricular dysfunction (r=0.936,P=0.008) and heart rate (r=0.809,P=0.023) were related to poor prognosis for in-hospital patients. Conclusion: Blood levels of NT-ProBNP and cTnI may help diagnosing the patients with acute pulmonary embolism with right ventricular dysfunction, it may also predict the short term prognosis in clinical practice.